Impact Type

Injury Criteria

Unit

Tolerance Levels

Injury Level

Reference

Frontal

Impact

Force

KN

3.3 to Sternum

8.8 to chest and shoulders

Minor

Patrick et al

Acceleration

g

60

Based on Stapp withstanding 45g for 1 sec

3ms limit HIII

FMVSS208

Deflection

mm

58

76

No rib fracture

Limit HIII

Stalmaker et al

FMVSS208

Compression

%

20

40

32

Onset of rib fracture

Flail Chest

Tolerance rib cage stability

Kroell et al

Kroell et al

Viano

VC max

(Viscous Citerion)

Ms-1

1.0

1.3

25% AIS>3

50% AIS>3

Viano

Viano

Lateral

Impact

Force

KN

7.4 – drop test

10.2 – drop test

5.5 pendulum impact

AIS=0

AIS=3

25% AIS 4

Tarrierre

Tarrierre

Viano

Acceleration

g

45.2 – T8 Vertebrae

31.6 – T12 Vertebrae

27.7 – Upper Sternum

25% AIS 4

25% AIS 4

25% AIS 4

Viano

Viano

Cavanaugh

Thoracic Trauma index

TTI

Ave g

Ribs / Spine

85

90

Max USSID 4 Dr car

Max USSID 2 Dr Car

FMVSS214

FMVSS214

Compression

Half Thorax

%

35

35

31 (includes arm)

AIS 3

AIS 3

25% AIS 4

Stalmaker

Tarrierre

Cavanaugh

Compression

Whole thorax

%

38.4

25% AIS 4

Viano

VC max

Half thorax

Ms-1

<1.0

>1.0

AIS 0-2

AIS 4,5

Cavanaugh

VC max

Whole thorax

Ms-1

1.47

25% AIS 4

Viano