|
Seating Configuration |
Impact Object |
Injury |
||||
|
Type |
Diagram |
Dir |
Object |
Shape / Stiffness |
Injury Mechanisms |
Injury Type |
|
Unidirectional |
Fwd |
Lower seat back |
Flat / Moderate |
Direct impact with the knee / upper tibia producing indirect axial load in femur |
Contusions / lacerations and impact fractures to the knee (patella and upper tibia fractures) plus ligament ruptures. Axial loading fractures to femur ranging from minor to severe cominuted fractures |
|
|
Fwd |
Upper seat back |
Flat / Moderate |
Direct impact to hands / arms |
Hand fractures / lacerations |
||
|
Open Bay |
Fwd |
Seat base front edge |
Blunt / moderate |
Direct impact with knee / upper tibia producing indirect axial load in femur |
Contusions / lacerations and impact fractures to the knee (patella and upper tibia fractures) plus ligament ruptures. Axial loading fractures to femur |
|
|
Fwd |
Seat back cushion |
Flat / Low |
Direct impact to hands / arms |
Hand fractures / lacerations |
||
|
Bay with table |
Fwd |
Seat mountings and base front edge |
Blunt /Moderate |
Direct impact with feet and tibia |
Feet contusions / fractures and tibia contusion / lacerations / fractures |
|
|
Fwd |
Table edge |
Blunt / High |
Direct impact with forearm |
Forearm lacerations and contusion |
||
|
Lateral |
Fwd Rwd |
Partition wall Seat upper back |
Flat / High |
Direct impact to shoulder |
Shoulder contusions / dislocations and fracture to clavicle |
|
|
Fwd Rwd |
Partition wall Seat back Grab Handle |
Flat / High/ Moderate |
Direct impacts to hands and forearms |
Hand and radius/ulna contusions / lacerations and fractures |
||
|
Exposed Seat |
Fwd |
Partition walls Grab handles |
Flat/Blunt / High |
Direct impacts predominantly to hands and arms |
Hand and arm lacerations contusions with fractures to the hand, radius, ulna and humerus |
|
|
Standing |
Fwd |
Partition walls Seat backs Grab handle Grab Poles Floor |
Flat to Blunt / High to moderate |
Direct impacts to all parts of arms and legs |
Lacerations, contusions and potential fractures to all parts of the extremities |
|
|
Fwd |
No Impact |
No Impact |
Indirect loads due to bracing and stumbling |
Shoulder, wrist and ankle dislocations. Fractures to arm and leg long bones or joint damage |
||
|
Unidirectional Bay Seating High Backs |
Rwd |
No Impact |
No Impact |
Very low acceleration loads |
Very low injury risk |
|
|
Unidirectional Bay Seating Low Backs |
Rwd |
No Impact |
No Impact |
Very low acceleration loads |
Very low injury risk |
|
|
Dr. A.R. Payne |
S. Patel |
© MIRA 2001 |
|
Project 427519 |
Version 1.1 |